We invite authors to submit original manuscripts on any subject pertaining to the practice of medicine for publication in future issues of the Hong Kong Medical Journal. The manuscript may be a report of Original Research, a Review, a Commentary, a Case Report, or a Letter to the Editor. All submitted manuscripts are subject to rigorous review, and acceptance of any paper cannot be guaranteed. Interested parties should refer to the Journal's `Information for authors' in the March issue of this volume. Further copies can be obtained by contacting the Managing Editor, Hong Kong Medical Journal, 10th Floor, 99 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, China; Fax: 852 ; 2505 5577 3149; Tel: 852 ; 2871 8822 8888; or by downloading the relevant file from the Editorial Office website : gateway .hk ~hkmj
All values represent the mean of triplicate determinations S.E. Covalent flavin contents are expressed as pmol of FAD mg of protein Specific activities are expressed as mol of PMS-mediated DCPIP reduced min 1 mg of protein 1. c Turnover numbers are expressed as mol of PMS-mediated DCPIP reduced min 1 mol of covalent FAD 1. d Cytochrome levels are expressed as nmol of heme nmol 1 covalent FAD. e Not determined. f Not detectable.
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Cells 42% ; compared levels measured on neonates from uninfected mothers. The reduced B cell MHC expression, in particular, was reversible but was maintained by exposure to parasite lysate in vitro. Furthermore, the median level of parasite antigen-specific IFN-gamma was highest in samples from neonates born to mothers who were treated for malaria during their pregnancy 105 pg ml ; compared with neonates whose mothers had active placental malaria 9.9 pg ml ; or who were negative at the time of delivery 18.9 pg ml ; . Ongoing studies are underway to examine regulatory mechanisms which may play a role decreased, though reversible, MHC expression on neonatal antigen presenting cells. MHC downregulation may delay or abrogate the maturation and or activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, while chemotherapeutic clearance of P. falciparum prior to parturition is associated with enhanced neonatal parasite antigen-specific immunoresponsiveness.
47. Amsden, G. W. & Gray, C. L. 2001 ; . Serum and WBC pharmacokinetics of 1500 mg of azithromycin when given either as a single dose or over a 3 day period in healthy volunteers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 47, 616. 48. Cooper, M. A., Nye, K., Andrews, J. M. et al. 1990 ; . The pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of orally administered azithromycin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 26, 5338. 49. Freeman, C. D., Nightingale, C. H., Nicolau, D. P. et al. 1994 ; . Intracellular and extracellular penetration of azithromycin into inflammatory and noninflammatory blister fluid. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 244951. 50. Amsden, G. W., Ballow, C. H. & Forrest, A. 1997 ; . Comparison of the plasma, urine and blister fluid pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin in normal subjects. Clinical Drug Investigation 13, 15261. 51. Olsen, K. M., San Pedro, G. S., Gann, L. P. et al. 1996 ; . Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in healthy volunteers given five oral doses. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, 25825. 52. Lode, H. 1991 ; . The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and their clinical significance. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10, 80712. 53. Cunha, B. A. 1991 ; . Antibiotic pharmacokinetic considerations in pulmonary infections. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 6, 16882. 54. Conte, J. E., Golden, J. A., Duncan, S. et al. 1995 ; . Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and of erythromycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39, 3348. 55. Fish, D. N., Gotfried, M. H., Danziger, L. H. et al. 1994 ; . Penetration of clarithromycin into lung tissues from patients undergoing lung resection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 8768. 56. Baldwin, D. R., Wise, R., Andrews, J. M. et al. 1990 ; . Azithromycin concentrations at the sites of pulmonary infection. European Respiratory Journal 3, 88690. 57. Cizman, M., Pokorn, M., Seme, K. et al. 1999 ; . Influence of increased macrolide consumption on macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 18, 5224. 58. Jetlund, O., Thurmann-Nielsen, E. & Walstad, R. A. 1991 ; . Comparison of the serum and tissue concentrations of cefuroxime from cefuroxime axetil and phenoxymethylpenicillin in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 11, 16. 59. Shyu, W. C., Reilly, J., Campbell, D. A. et al. 1993 ; . Penetration of cefprozil into tonsillar and adenoidal tissues. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 37, 11803. 60. Chomarat, M., Panteix, G., Guillaumond, B. et al. 1997 ; . Tonsillar diffusion kinetics of amoxycillin after oral administration of 1 g adults. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 22, 1414. 61. Mazzei, T., Tonelli, F., Novelli, A. et al. 1994 ; . Penetration of cefotetan into suction skin blister fluid and tissue homogenates in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 22213. 62. Savolainen, S., Mnnist, P. T., Gordin, A. et al. 1988 ; . Tonsillar penetration of erythromycin and its 2-acetyl ester in patients with chronic tonsillitis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21, Suppl. D, 7384. 63. Bergogne-Brzin, E. 1993 ; . Tissue distribution of dirithromycin: comparison with erythromycin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 31, 7787. 64. Benson, J. M., Arnold, J., Manning, S. C. et al. 1996 ; . Tonsillar tissue penetration of dirithromycin after multiple doses. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36, 8327. 65. Foulds, G., Shepard, R. M. & Johnson, R. B. 1990 ; . The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 25, 7382. 66. Fraschini, F., Scaglione, F., Pintucci, G. et al. 1991 ; . The diffusion of clarithromycin and roxithromycin into nasal mucosa, tonsil and lung in humans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 27, 615. 67. Fine, M. J., Smith, M. A., Carson, C. A. et al. 1996 ; . Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A metaanalysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 275, 13441. 68. Drusano, G. L. & Craig, W. A. 1997 ; . Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the selection of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. Journal of Chemotherapy 9, Suppl. 3, 2844. 69. Drusano, G., Labro, M.-T., Cars, O. et al. 1998 ; . Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the fluoroquinolones. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4, Suppl. 2, S2741.
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A dependence of the turbidity of lysozyme-containing PLGA solutions on the solvent ratio DMSO ethyl acetate water was clearly seen, when 30 % PLGA solutions were investigated Figure 119 ; . A pronounced turbidity hampered the optical differentiation of the solvent ratios in 40 % PLGA solutions even though the formulation was based on DMSO only. The protein precipitated upon addition of the nonsolvent ethyl acetate DMSO ethyl acetate water 75 25 0 ; The turbidity decreased upon addition of water DMSO ethyl acetate water 70.5 23.5 6 ; at the same DMSO ethyl acetate ratio, which indicated that the precipitate consisted of the protein and not the polymer. These compositions were selected from the one phase regions of the individual protein and polymer phase diagrams Figure 119 ; . The apparent turbidity of the combined protein PLGA system indicated a shift of the phase boundary for the protein in concentrated PLGA solutions. A quantification of the dissolved protein fraction in the supernatant of the dispersions confirmed this. The fraction of dissolved lysozyme in 1.6% protein-containing formulations was reduced to 0.242 + - 0.019 %, 0.151 + - 0.075 % and 0.002 + - 0.001 % for DMSO EA water ratios 100 0 0, 70.5 23.5 6 and 75 25 0, respectively and ceftriaxone.
Horticultural Science, International Society for, 59: 60 horticultural therapy, 9: 6 Hotline, Natural Healthcare, 34: 9; 36: house plants and air pollution, 24: 39; 26: Hoxsey, Harry, 2: 4; 18: Hsu, Hong-Yen, 26: 3839 Hsu, Paul, 27: 37; 28: Hub Products, 34: 32 huckleberry black see Vaccinium membranaceum ; red see Vaccinium parvifolium ; Hudson, Ginger, 46: 10 Hudson, J. L., 13: 11 Huffman, Marlin, 57: 6768 Hughes, Mark Reynolds, 49: 7071 human immunodeficiency virus Bastyr University research, 38: 24 and calanolide, 41: 13, 66 and castanospermine, 17: 18; 20: and Cetraria islandica, 37: 17 chemotherapy side effects, 26: 44 and Echinacea, 55: 17 and Eleutherococcus senticosus, 55: 17 and Ganoderma lucidum, 55: 17 and glycyrrhizin, 23: 16; 55: and herbal combinations, 20: 37; 32: and hypericin, 18: 24, 29; Institute of Economic Botany, 27: 36 Institute of Economic Botany research, 27: 36 and Maprounea africana, 37: 17 and Momordica charantia, 41: 23 and Panax ginseng, 55: 17 and Pinus parviflora, 65: 1 and polysaccharides, 18: 19 and prostratin, 56: 17 and Silybum marianum, 63: 23 and Swertia franchetiana, 37: 17 and trichosanthin, 20: 21, 25, and Viscum album, 39: 22; 55: Humulus lupulus, 13: 4; 17
On a variety of organisms. Although showing marked systemic toxicity in mammals, heavy water appears to have a more direct and severe effect upon rapidly proliferating cells and and celestone.
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Indicates that a reduced number of administrations per day can have a significant impact on patients' remaining on therapy. ss POLYPHARMACY IN THE TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER ADHD ; : A RETROSPECTIVE CLAIMS ANALYSIS Pohl GM. * Eli Lilly and Company, Drop Code 4123, Indianapolis, IN 46285 INTRODUCTION: The research seeks to characterize the extent to which concomitant drugs are used in the treatment of ADHD. METHODS: Data were drawn from a national medical and pharmacy claims database covering more than 80 managed care organizations and 60 million lives. Patients 75, 963 ; were included if they had continuous enrollment from January 1, 2003, to July 31, 2004; a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and at least 1 claim for an ADHD medication during the study period July 2003 to June 2004 ; . Patient-level drug claims were assigned to calendar months, and months with usage from multiple classes were identified. To focus on long-term polypharmacy rather than transitional management, the first month of each treatment episode with a given drug was excluded. ADHD drugs were categorized into 6 classes: long-acting stimulants LASs ; : 262, 818 months of use, atomoxetine ATX ; : 72, 325 months, intermediate-acting stimulants IAS ; : 33, 613 months, short-acting stimulants SASs ; : 99, 305 months, buproprion BUP ; : 41, 195 months, and alpha-2 agonists A2A ; : 27, 931 months. RESULTS: Combination months comprised the following proportions of all non-first months on therapy: 14.2% for patients on LAS, 16.2% on ATX, 25.2% on IAS, 26.7% on SAS, 40.3% on , BUP and 64.7% on A2A. The drug had been initiated in combination or initiated earlier and supplemented with other medications 10.9% of the non-first months on LAS, 6.1% on ATX 19.3% on IAS, 15.1% on SAS, 25.4% on BUP and 42.5% on A2A. CONCLUSION: LASs and ATX are the most likely ADHD medications to be used as monotherapy. While they have similar overall levels of combination use, combination use with ATX is more likely to have arisen from adding it onto another drug than is the case for LASs. This may, in part, reflect the more recent appearance of ATX on the market compared with stimulants. ss POSTFRACTURE FOLLOW-UP AND MEDICATION UTILIZATION PATTERN OF PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES IN A MANAGED CARE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Omar MA. * Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, E. Hanover, NJ 07936 INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the extent of postfracture follow-up for osteoporosis after a fracture as well as adherence and persistence of patients with a fracture on any of the following osteoporosis and cellcept.
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See also cephalosporin external links manufacturer's website drug information from rxlist antibacterials for systemic use: beta-lactam antibiotics - cephalosporins and related j01d ; first generation cefacetrile , cefadroxil , cefalexin , cefaloglycin , cefaloridine , cefalotin , cefapirin , cefatrizine , cefazedone , cefazolin , cefradine , cefroxadine , ceftezole second generation cefaclor , cefamandole , cefmetazole , ceforanide , cefotiam , cefprozil , cefuroxime third generation cefdinir , cefditoren , cefetamet , cefixime , cefmenoxime , cefodizime , cefoperazone , cefotaxime , cefpiramide , cefpodoxime , cefsulodin , ceftazidime , ceftibuten , ceftizoxime , ceftriaxone , latamoxef fourth generation cefepime , cefpirome , cefquinome other beta-lactam antibacterials monobactams aztreonam ; , carbapenems meropenem , ertapenem , imipenem , doripenem ; this entry is from wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed the hospital charts from 182 patients admitted for studies in the General Clinical Research Center at the San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center UCSF ; or the University Hospital at the Federal University of So Paulo UNIFESP ; from 1975 to 1990. This 15-year period was chosen because at that time hypokalemia was virtually mandatory for the diagnosis of PA, whereas the aldosterone: renin ratio ARR ; was not systematically used for screening. Computerized tomography CT ; and adrenal vein sampling AVS ; for aldosterone measurements were already available to confirm the presence and cerezyme.
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Market growth about 11% on Dollars and 2% on Prescriptions Continued growth of generics and some major patent expirations but not as many as 2002 Biotechs grew strongly OTC's Improved Innovation Picture Stabilized FDA environment Increased state-level activity with formularies and price controls. Medicare approved late in the year Counterfeit Drugs Canada Integrity of Supply Chain Increased pricing pressures Economy is improving and cerivastatin.
Generoso Uomo, Raffaele Pezzilli Internal Medicine Department, 3rd Division, A. Cardarelli Hospital. Neaples, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital. Bologna, Italy Within the past decade, many studies of patients having pancreatic cancer have shown a reduced post-operative morbidity and mortality rate as well as longer survival when treated in specialist regional Centres. A significant reduction in post-operative mortality rates in high- versus low-volume hospitals was observed both in the USA [1] and in Europe [2]. In-hospital mortality rates range from 14 to 28% in Centres with 1 to 5 major pancreatic resections per year whereas a percentage ranging from 2 to 6% is reported in Centres treating more than 15 patients per year. The effect of pancreatic cancer resection volume on postoperative mortality has no threshold value but is continuous [3]. The effect seen on reduced mortality by increased volume is related to institution rather than to any individual surgeon and it is called working-team effect [4]. In addition, the volume-mortality effect is associated with a higher resectability rate which very often was more than 15% in comparison with the 2-4% observed in low-volume Centres [5, 6]. Finally, the volume-mortality effect is associated with higher long-term survival: 25% in low-volume Centres and 37% in highvolume ones [7]. Recently, an interesting study on this issue comes from Scotland [8]. The aim of this study was to ascertain if there was any evidence of benefit for the specialized care of patients with pancreatic cancer in Scotland. The records of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer during the period 1993-1997 were identified. Three indicators of co-morbidity were calculated for each patient. The operative procedures were classified as resection, other surgery or biliary stent. Prior to analysis, consultants were assigned as specialist pancreatic surgeons, clinicians with an interest in pancreatic disease or non-specialists. Data were analyzed with regard to 30-day mortality rates and survival outcome. The final study population included 2, 794 patients. The 30-day mortality rate following resection was 8%, and hospital or consultant volume did not affect postoperative mortality. The 30-day mortality rate following palliative surgical operations was 20%, and consultants with higher case loads or with a specialist pancreatic practice had significantly fewer postoperative deaths P 0.014 and 0.002, respectively ; . For patients undergoing potentially curative or palliative surgery, the risk of death was higher in patients having advanced years of age, increased co-morbidity or metastatic disease, and was significantly lower for those managed by a specialist or by a clinician with an interest in pancreatic disease. The risk of death 3 years after the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is higher among patients undergoing surgical intervention by non-specialists. This study confirms previous experiences in this field and substantiates the policy adopted in Great Britain where the National Health Service stated that "surgery for pancreatic cancer should be carried out only by.
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LITERATURE CITED 1. Barbhaiya, R. H., C. R. Gleason, W. C. Shyu, R. B. Wilber, R. R. Martin, and K. A. Pittman. 1990. Phase I study of single-dose BMY-28100, a new oral cephalosporin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 202-205. 2. Barbhaiya, R. H., U. A. Shukla, C. R. Gleason, W. C. Shyu, R. B. Wilber, R. R. Martin, and K. A. Pittman. 1990. Phase I study of multiple-dose cefprozil and comparison with cefaclor. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 1198-1203. 3. Barbhaiya, R. H., U. A. Shukla, C. R. Gleason, W. C. Shyu, R. B. Wilber, and K. A. Pittman. 1990. Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 1204-1209 and cetuximab.
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Deuteranopia--Form of anomalous trichromatism in which there is no perceived difference between reds and greens caused by a failure in the Q-channel of vision. In the intrinsic form, the luminous efficiency function is nominally normal. Dichromat 1. Functional definition. An individual that has two functional spectrally distinct photodetection channels. Protanopes and tritanopes and a putative pentanope ; are typical functional dichromats. 2. Performance definition. An individual that has only one functioning chrominance channel and is limited in his ability to discriminate colors to those along either the aqua-red or violet-yellow Hering axes. Dominant wavelength An approximate term used with the C.I.E. Chromaticity Diagram. It is the spectral wavelength arrived at by extending a straight line from a specific point of interest through the white point being used until it intersects the spectral locus. The value, related to a given sample, changes with source characteristics. Dorsal terminal nucleus A structure of the brain connected between the Pretectum and other elements of the Tectum. Part of the Precision Optical System. The interface between the afferent signal paths from the eye and the efferent signal paths to the motor neurons. Controls the position of the ocular globes through the posterior and anterior rectus muscles. DTNSee dorsal terminal nucleus Entopic imagery Reproducible visible phenomena arising from within the eye. Isochromatic lines The confusion loci for a given individual or a class of color abnormals. Lateral terminal nucleus--A structure of the brain. One of three small nuclei in the Precision Optical System. The interface between the afferent signal paths from the eye, decoded by the Pretectum, and the efferent signal paths to some of the motor neurons controlling the ocular globes. Lazy eye The vernacular for Amblyopia. Not to be confused with wandering eye. Lesion Any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or loss of function of a part and chamomile.
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